As the original thread (http://skyscript.co.uk/forums/viewtopic ... 71&start=0) has been locked and can't be edited, this thread is to take it's place (minus the debate about the sidereal zodiac) and will enable me to reveal the answers to the questions as I intended to post on Friday 15th March.

James and Damon have already given answers (as has Graham in the sidereal forum) and there's still time for others to participate before I post the answers on Friday.

To recap:

This is the chart: Basic information about native and birth data

The chart is that of a male who is no longer living. The chart is not listed on Astrodatabank or any similar website. I would consider the birth time to be 'AA'.

The Lots

Lots shown are Fortune, Spirit, Exaltation, Eros (also Basis in this figure) and Necessity.

Planetary motion

No planets are retrograde or stationary.

Planetary bounds or terms

Dorotheus bounds are shown.

The Questions:

Occupation

1. What was this man's occuption?

a) Surgeon.
b) Police Officer.
c) Priest.
d) Artist.
e) Journalist.

Fame/Eminence

2. Was he famous?

a) No.
b) Only briefly.
c) He was a legend in his own lifetime.
d) Yes, for the manner of his death.
e) Only posthumously unrelated to the manner of his death.

Marriage and Children

3. What best describes this man's marital status?

a) Never married and rarely if ever dated.
b) Never married but dated frequently.
c) Multiple marriages and infidelities.
d) Happily married for life.

4. Did he have children?

a) No.
b) Yes, only one.
c) Yes, two to four.
d) Yes, five or more.

Health, Longevity and Manner of Death

5. Which of the following best describes his health status?

a) Very healthy and fit all his life.
b) Sickly and frequently ill for most of his life.
c) Very accident prone and numerous injuries on account of this.
d) Afflicted by serious mental illness in the second half of his life.

6. Which best describes this man's longevity (for the era and economic status of the country in which he lived)?

a) premature death (as a young adult or in middle age).
b) about average (55 - 69).
c) above average (70 - 84).
d) exceptional longevity (85+).

7. Did he die violently?

a) Yes.
b) No.

**End of Questions**

I will deal with this in two posts. This post will give a brief biography of the man whose chart has been posted and the subsequent post will get into the astrology of the answers.

James 'Lugs' Branigan (born January 6, 1910, 5.45 am, Dublin city, Dublin, Ireland). James 'Lugs' Branigan was Ireland's best known Police Officer (the states national police force is called "An Garda Siochana" and its officers are described as Garda or Gardai in plural), renowned as one of the countries toughest yet fairest and respected officers, he became a living legend in his own lifetime, with his policing exploits frequently reported in the national media.

Also a champion amateur boxer, Branigan was renowned for meteing out "tough justice" to violent people he encountered in the course of his duties, something that was acceptable to society and the judiciary in that era and Branigan was not the only Garda who would do this. However, his fearlessness in confronting violent crime was especially notable and in the quote below he is humble in describing his role in confronting violent thugs ("the Animals"):

Many a time I had sailed into battle between razor-slashing thugs and disarmed them of such horrific weapons as bicycle tubes filled with razor blades.

Don't think I considered myself brave, I was not. In fact I always had a feeling of tension in the pit of my stomach when such a situation arose but I always went in just the same. It was my job. Looking back now after years of dealing with the toughest thugs in the city I know I was gifted with some indefinable magic or psychology which commanded respect from them, because even on that May morning before my reputation as a tough guy had spread, I found I was able to approach the Animals, search them and talk down to them without being assaulted or subjected to verbal abuse.

Despite his tough approach to crime, he was always very fair and if he saw any goodness or potential in the person he arrested he would speak up for them in court and his views carried weight with the local Judges who would often give a suspended sentence or a fine if Branigan spoke up for the defendant. He would even try and find jobs for young guys who were straying into crime to try and steer them away from trouble.
He was also noted for his skill in sorting out domestic disputes, often striking fear into violent husbands:

Dubbed the 'saviour of marriage' by the inhabitants of Dublin's Liberties, Jim Branigan went where many a Garda would be reluctant to enter - into the area of family squabbles and rows. In the process he saved many a marriage as husbands in the area covered by Kevin Street would be afraid to assault their wives lest Jim Branigan arrived on the scene. Many an ordinary person in the Liberties and beyond have relayed stories confirming that he "saved more marriages than any priest or marriage counsellor". Even the clergy are inclined to agree and the well-known Moville, County Donegal priest, Fr Frank Duggan, who for many years was based in the parish of Saint Laurence O'Tooles in Sheriff Street, said that from his own experience Jim was a "one man marriage-mending operation".

A fit and healthy man all his life, he was however the subject of many assaults in the course of his duty, most of which were minor.
An Evening Press article in March 1972 took up the story under the headline 'He's Dublin's Most Belted Detective':

'Belted, bruised and battered, that in a nutshell is the story of Det Sergeant James C Branigan. A former heavyweight boxer from 1931 to 1940 and one time Leinster heavyweight champion, the Sergeant says that he has suffered more injuries ou tside the ring in street brawls than he did in his entire boxing career. [...]

The most serious threat to his health was when a woman kicked him in leg which led to a cut getting infected. This was in the late 1960s and Branigan spent five weeks in hospital and it was feared the leg may have to be amputated but he pulled through and left hospital fit to go back on patrol.

Although he was the best known Garda in the country, his career stalled at the rank of Detective Sergeant (about five ranks behind the top job of Commissioner), something he put down to superiors thinking his notoreity would be unsuitable for a more senior officer.

In August 1964, Branigan was put in charge of a newly formed Riot Squad that was set up to combat increasing violence on the streets. This new phase in Jim Branigan's career turned what was then becoming a legend into part and parcel of the folklore and tradition of Ireland's capital city. Its formation was reported as follows in the Evening Herald:

'To combat the increasing incidence of gang warfare in Dublin a new Riot Squad has been formed. In charge of the new detail is Garda James C Branigan of Kevin Street Station, a former Garda heavyweight boxing champion. At the moment he has been assigned four permanent helpers but he can call on Garda? from any of the stations in Dublin if he considers it necessary. It will be a mobile patrol with two way radio and all other necessary means of communication. Sergeant Branigan, who is a Dublin man, is one of the fairest and also one of the toughest men in the force. He has been responsible for the arrest and conviction of thousands of people who committed crimes of violence'.

The Riot Squad used a Bedford van and was offically known as 'Bravo 5' however it became known as 'Branno 5' in recognition of Branigan's leading role in the unit. The units successes and exploits in combating street violence continued to get positive coverage in the media. Branign contined to serve into his 60s and was proud of that fact:

Not many policemen serve in the front line of duty right up to the day of their retirement and Jim was always proud of the fact that he was out there in the fight against violence and thuggery right up to the last hours of his career: "I was on duty in Branno Five right up to my retirement. I was the only man of my age on active duty. Men up to ten years younger than me had long been taken off the streets and given a cushy number behind a desk. I enjoyed every minute I spent in the Garda and the Riot Squad period was without doubt the most exciting and eventful time in my whole life".

In 1972, the year before his retirement, Branigan had not lost his "touch" in dealing with violent people. In court he explained to a judge why he had arrested a man in hospital: "Did you say that you arrested him in Jervis Street Hospital, Sergeant?" asked Judge McGivern. "Yes, your Honour, I clipped him and knocked him out cold". "I see" replied the Judge.

Branigan retired on his 63rd birthday (he had requested a two year extension to 65 but this was refused) to widespread acclaim, plaudits and recognition. For example, Justice Bob O hUadhaigh had paid him a great tribute, saying to a Court packed with Senior and Junior Counsel, Solicitors, Court Clerks and Journalists that Jim had been of great assistance to him personally and to the Courts all down the years of his Garda service. "I want it to be known that I consider you to be one of the pillars of the law who saw that justice was done. You will be missed by the Courts and myself and my colleagues wish you good health and every happiness in your well earned retirement". (See page 77 and 78 of the biography linked to below for more of the praise Branigan received on his retirement).
After his retirement, he took up a job as head of security in a local nightclub called "The Zhivago", a postion he held for "ten-and-a-half years". Branigan remained active in the boxing scene after his retirement, refereeing and judging boxing contests all over Ireland. Indeed, during the ten-year period after his retirement he refereed 2,696 contests and judged 924. It is estimated that he officiated in excess of twenty thousand boxing matches over the course of his life. He retired from the Zhivago club and from his role as a boxing referee and judge in 1983 and moved to the countryside for a quieter life in his final years.

In April 1941 he married Elizabeth Armstrong, a marriage that would produce four children (all of whom lived to adulthood) and only ended with Branigan's death at home on May 22, 1986 at the age of 76 of (unspecified) natural causes.

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Christopher_Branigan

81 page biography: http://www.garda.ie/Documents/User/Lugs ... 0Neary.pdf

To summarise the answers to the questions:

1. His occupation was Police Officer from 1931 until his retirement in 1973.
2. He was a legend in his own lifetime.
3. He was happily married form 1941 until his death in 1986.
4. The marriage produced four children, all of whom lived to adulthood.
5. He was fit and healthy all his life.
6. At age 76, His longevity was above average for the time he was born (Branigan was born in 1910, the average life expectancy for males born in Ireland in 1926 was 57.4. It is probably a few years lower in 1910 but I can?t find those statistics http://www.cso.ie/en/media/duplicatecso ... shlife.pdf).
7. He did not die violently or in a public place and his death was not the cause of his fame. He died at home of (unspecified) natural causes on May 22, 1986.

stellarium,

thanks so much for doing this! it was unfortunate your initial thread got sideswiped..

i gave the chart some thought after i posted my initial comments and one of the thoughts i was dwelling on was how that t square hitting on the midheaven would work out.. you know someone is going to be a bit of a tough ass when you see sun square a saturn/mars conjunction.. jupiter opposite and squaring onto the sun was a positive statement in the opposite direction. in thinking about career one of the things in astrology we are encouraged to consider is the sign on the midheaven, in this case - libra - and any planet aspecting this sign. it would seem to me that in this example this cluster of planets squaring one another and hitting directly onto the midheaven have much more of a say on his profession then the sign libra, or it's ruler venus. i am sure we can tie these into it too, but more importantly for me is seeing how the planetary combo here has a more obvious direct link to his profession.

i hope you do another one.. thanks for doing this!

In this case the angular planets told the whole sory-a larger than life characterJupiter ASC ruler MC, Mars in Aries close to iC

One for quadrant system or at least,for angles

Part II - Astrology of the answers

My take on the astrology (tropical zodiac, WS houses with reference to MC-IC axis which are in the WS 11th/5th in this figure).

1. What was this man's occupation?

Important considerations here are:

- The figure is dominated by the t-square of Jupiter/Libra opposite a Saturn-Mars conjunction at the MC-IC axis respectively squared by the Sun/Capricorn. Jupiter/Libra signifies fairness and a balanced approach and an interest in seeing that justice is done. Saturn/Aries signifies attempts to quell violence. Mars/Aries signifies a vigorous and energetic approach to quelling the violence that often uses violence (i.e, a "fight fire with fire" approach). Essentially, this is a signature of "rough and tough justice" with Jupiter/Libra being "justice" and the Mars-Saturn conjunction in Aries being "rough and tough". This can also be seen in Branigan's role as a champion boxer noted for his toughness and also as an arbiter (Jupiter/Libra) of boxing matches (Mars/Aries) after he retired from amateur boxing. Sun/Capricorn translates Jupiter to Saturn further personalising this configuration also adding grit, determination and Branigan's reputation as a stalwart officer with such a reputation among the general public (the Sun being a general significator of being in the public eye). MC ruler Venus/Aquarius points to a humanitarian concern for the welfare of people, especially women - recall Branigan's role in dealing with domestic disputes. A lady who wished to remain anonymous gave her views on Branigan in 1985 to his biographer: "He saved a lot of marriages around here, son. More than any priest or those so-called social workers saved. He saved my marriage. My husband hasn't laid a finger on me since Mr Branigan gave him a last warning in 1959".

- The significators of the soul (rulers of Moon and Mercury) lead to the Mars-Saturn conjunction in Aries at the IC (the home - also the homeland in figures of the eminent). This would signify an interest in matters related to violence, discipline and nastiness in general. The native would be tough, vigorous in pursuit of his objectives and demonstrate high energy levels. The configuration is tightly aspected by Jupiter/Libra (applies to Saturn by opposition) at the MC which adds the significations of justice, fairness and generally more positive outcomes.

- Moon/Scorpio/10th from Fortune brings to mind this quote from Branigan: "I know I was gifted with some indefinable magic or psychology which commanded respect from them, because even on that May morning before my reputation as a tough guy had spread, I found I was able to approach the Animals, search them and talk down to them without being assaulted or subjected to verbal abuse." WS 12th ("bad spirit") placement makes him the recipient of negative behaviours (verbal abuse and violence) of certain sectors of the public (Moon) and the tough manner in which he dealt with this would form a key part of his reputation.

- Exaltation in Gemini appears to have manifested as the overwhelmingly positive media attention that Branigan was the subject of with ruler Mercury/Aquarius in the 3rd house ("Goddess"* also significations related to media/communications) applying to Jupiter/Libra at the MC (reputation for fairness [excerpt from newspaper article: "Sergeant Branigan, who is a Dublin man, is one of the fairest and also one of the toughest men in the force"]).
* I have frequently seen a strong 3rd house in persons considered icons or legends (which would generally fit the traditional term "Goddess") in their own lifetime (of course, there would also have to be eminence indicators - see below). Another example would be Britain's Queen Elizabeth II who has Exaltation in Libra/10th ruled by Venus/Pisces/3rd (http://www.astro.com/astro-databank/Eli ... of_England).

2. Was he famous?

I'm using Valens eminence indicators here.

First consideration is to assess the strength of the trigon lords of the sect light. That would be the Moon/Scorpio. Trigon rulers are:

- 1: Mars/Aries/WS 5th/IC - essentially angular and close to anticulminating at IC. Strong essential dignity (sign and bound) and in sect. 3rd from Fortune is moderately strong (a decline relative to the lot but aspects the lot).

- 2: Venus/Aquarius/3rd - Declining but witnesses the Asc. No essential dignity but in sect. First house relative to Fortune.

- 3: Moon/Scorpio - In 12th but 10th relative to Fortune.. In sect, participating trigon lord of Scorpio.

In summary, I would describe the potential given by the above positions as moderately high (say 7 or 7.5 out 10 [10 would be an angular lot of Fortune with all trigon lords angular relative to both the Asc and Fortune]). Two of the trigon lords are placed in places of peak strength relative to Fortune (1st and 10th) and the other (Mars) is strong an angular by placement near the IC.

The next consideration is the lots used to determine eminence; that is Fortune, Spirit, Exaltation and Basis. If the rulers of these are in strong (or 'busy') places and hand over to each other, then eminence would be likely.

Fortune is in Aquarius and the ruler is in Aries which is the place of Basis. The ruler of basis is on basis (Mars/Aries). Spirit is in Libra with Jupiter (they are actually close by degrees and Jupiter (Asc ruler) lifts the native to a "larger than life" character) and the the ruler hands over to Fortune (Venus/Aquarius). The Exaltation in also hands over to Fortune (Mercury/Aquarius). All planets are in busy places (but this is somewhat mixed as described above) and the handing over of rulers of the lots is very strong.

Jim Branigan became a living legend in his own lifetime but he was only of moderate rank in the police force - his power was on the streets of Dublin and in the courts where his opinions carried great weight. The words of a Judge on the retirement of Branign were: "I want it to be known that I consider you to be one of the pillars of the law who saw that justice was done." Interestingly, the lot of Basis is considered a pillar of the natal chart (generally, not just in Branigan's) and all planets ultimately lead back to Aries (Mars/Aries) which is the basis in his natal chart.

3. What best describes this man's marital status?

7th is Gemini suggesting multiple marriages but the ruler Mercury/Aquarius aspects the place by superior trine from a fixed air sign. It makes marriage likely and secondly it inclines such a marriage to be stable. (Mercury is also in his own bounds and thus can effect from his own significations, one of which is marriage by rulership of 7th).
However, what seals the deal for a long and successful marriage is the application of Mercury to a superior trine of Jupiter/Libra (ruler of the 1st ? the native) at the MC/WS 11th. Venus/Aquarius in bounds of Saturn further indicates a long and stable marriage. Both Venus and Mercury are favourably aspected (WS) by the superior trine from Jupiter and witness the Mars-Saturn conjunction by a weaker inferior sextile.

4. Did he have children?

Here, I'll use Bonatti's approach which is succintly summarised by Dr. H (of Regulus Astrolgy) in his interview with Nina Gryphon:

"In Bonatti?s approach, children are promised if any significator of children (Jupiter, Venus, Moon, Mercury, Lord 5th, P.Fortune, P.Children & their lords) are located in houses favorable for children (1st, 11th, 10th, 7th). Significators must also be in the fruitful water signs or the rather fruitful signs of Taurus, Sagittarius, and Aquarius." (http://gryphonastrology.com/blog/tag/bonatti/).

Jupiter: Located in house favourable for children (11th, Quadrant 10th). Libra not mentioned above but ruler in ?rather fruitful? Aquarius is positive.

Venus, Mercury, Fortune, P. Children: Not located in any of houses listed above (except P. Children) but are in a rather fruitful sign. Aquarius being the place of Fortune makes this sign ?busy?. Ruler is in 5th. P. Children is in 7th (8 Gemini) and ruler Mercury/Aquarius is in a rather fruitful sign, with Fortune, in own bounds and applying to a superior trine of Jupiter in a place favourable for children.

Moon: In fruitful sign of Scorpio, WS 12th but quadrant 11th. Ruler is in 5th.

Lord 5 is in 5 (WS). Mars and Saturn are here which does not look good for children (although one could argue that Mars/Aries delivers on its significations - one of which is children by house position).

We know that Branigan had four children, which I would consider as "rather fruitful". I would ascribe this "rather fruitful" status mainly to Jupiter at the MC and Mercury as ruler of Lot of Children favourably disposed.

Jumping back to Valens, he makes specific mention of the MC degree as a place signifying children when discussing a figure with Gemini rising and MC Aquarius:

"As with the H?roskopos in Gemini, the Midheaven in Aquarius by degree. This place [Aquarius], then, possesses the relation concerning activity and reputation and children, and also that concerning a foreign land and god since zodiacally it is found in the 9th from the H?roskopos . . . "

5. Which of the following best describes his health status?

Branigan was healthy and fit all his life with the exception of the period of illness that almost resulted in a leg amputation from an infection. He kept fit and active and lifted weights even into his later years.

A strong constitution can be seen a fiery rising sign whose ruler is strong (at MC, not particularly dignified but is participating trigon lord of air signs) in trigonal relationship (the Asc that is) with the vigorous and tough Mars-Saturn conjunction is Aries ? this also brought assaults from the public as part of his job (Mars ruled by Moon/Scorpio/12th).
I have seen delineations of South Node in Asc as signifying a weakening of the constitution but this was not the case here.

Looking at the Moon, its WS placement in 12th could signify Illness leading to confinement ? this only happened once ? the five week period he was in hospital recuperating from an infection after a woman kicked him in the leg.
However, Moon?s aspects are favourable ? especially the tight applying sextile to Sun/Capricorn.

Another consideration here is the Lot of Basis which concerns the foundation of fortune (see Robert Schmidt's good explanation of this in the 10th post of this thread: http://www.skyscript.co.uk/forums/viewtopic.php?t=5490 ). Branigan was clearly someone who did his job out of desire (Eros is Basis in his natal chart) despite it being dangerous (malefics on Basis) and resulting in him being assaulted occassionally. I would suggest that the ultimate effect on his health was minimised because Mars is the in-sect malefic (and rules Saturn) and Jupiter's tight opposition to Saturn.

6. Which best describes this man's longevity (for the era and economic status of the country in which he lived)?

Here I?m using the Hilaj (Hyleg/giver of life) and kadukhudhah (alcocoden/giver of years) method.

Hilaj: Moon/Scorpio
Kadukhudhah: Mercury/Aquarius

The chart is nocturnal and the Moon is in the quadrant 11th which is an acceptable position for the hilaj (although it is the WS 12th). Of the rulers of the Moon (domicile, trigon rulers and bound lord) that aspects (WS), Mercury has the greatest dignity (own bounds, trigon, in sect by position ahead of Sun in nocturnal chart) and is therefore the kadukhudhah. Moon is also separating from Mercury.

Mercury grants his greater years of 76, unaltered by a benefics or malefics (no aspects within traditional orb, trine with Jupiter is about two degrees short of being within orb).

Closely matches actual longevity of 76 years, 4 months and 16 days.

7. Did he die violently?

We know he didn't die a violent death so obviously there aren?t sufficient indicators of it in his natal chart. Indicators I'll look at are:

Moon?s configuration, 8th, 7th, 8th from Fortune and placement of the malefics.

Moon separates from Mercury/Aquarius/3rd and applies to Sun/Capricorn/2nd. Moon is in aversion to the malefics. Nothing to point to a violent death here.

8th from Fortune is Virgo and the favourable condition of ruler Mercury/Aquarius has already been described. Same for 7th.

The malefics are in Aries near the IC (WS 5th "good fortune") but neither are connected (by rulership or exaltation) to the 7th, 8th or 8th from Fortune, nor do they aspect the Moon.

james_m wrote:stellarium,

thanks so much for doing this! it was unfortunate your initial thread got sideswiped..

i gave the chart some thought after i posted my initial comments and one of the thoughts i was dwelling on was how that t square hitting on the midheaven would work out.. you know someone is going to be a bit of a tough ass when you see sun square a saturn/mars conjunction.. jupiter opposite and squaring onto the sun was a positive statement in the opposite direction. in thinking about career one of the things in astrology we are encouraged to consider is the sign on the midheaven, in this case - libra - and any planet aspecting this sign. it would seem to me that in this example this cluster of planets squaring one another and hitting directly onto the midheaven have much more of a say on his profession then the sign libra, or it's ruler venus. i am sure we can tie these into it too, but more importantly for me is seeing how the planetary combo here has a more obvious direct link to his profession.

i hope you do another one.. thanks for doing this!

Hi James,

Glad you found the exercise useful. I will post another mystery chart in the coming weeks.

damon wrote:In this case the angular planets told the whole sory-a larger than life characterJupiter ASC ruler MC, Mars in Aries close to iC

One for quadrant system or at least,for angles

The planets near the MC-IC axis did tell a large part of the story. This raises an interesting question in the context of Whole Sign houses: Are the WS 10th-4th houses relegated to second position in favour of the MC-IC axis or do both coexist with the same significations (modified only by the WS house placement of the MC-IC axis)?

Stellarium wrote: The planets near the MC-IC axis did tell a large part of the story. This raises an interesting question in the context of Whole Sign houses: Are the WS 10th-4th houses relegated to second position in favour of the MC-IC axis or do both coexist with the same significations (modified only by the WS house placement of the MC-IC axis)?

Many thanks for posting this exercise, Stellarium, it's been very educational.

I was wondering if this makes the case for WS being 'topical' rather than showing the strength of the planet. If we take WS Lord 10, mercury is in WS 3rd, in my mind indicative of a 'bobby on the beat' style of policing, getting involved in the daily lives of people.

stellarium,

when you get a chance, i'd be curious to know where you got the birth data from. thanks.

A brief technical question when you have chance - would there be a case for using mercury as evening star, as part of the nocturnal sect when assessing the sect lords as in the Valens tecnique on eminence?

Meredith wrote:

Stellarium wrote: The planets near the MC-IC axis did tell a large part of the story. This raises an interesting question in the context of Whole Sign houses: Are the WS 10th-4th houses relegated to second position in favour of the MC-IC axis or do both coexist with the same significations (modified only by the WS house placement of the MC-IC axis)?

Many thanks for posting this exercise, Stellarium, it's been very educational.

I was wondering if this makes the case for WS being 'topical' rather than showing the strength of the planet. If we take WS Lord 10, mercury is in WS 3rd, in my mind indicative of a 'bobby on the beat' style of policing, getting involved in the daily lives of people.

Hi Meredith,

I hadn't considered Mercury from that perspective ('bobby on the beat' policing) and I can see your point but I would consider the Jupiter-Saturn-Mars configuration on the MC-IC axis as being more indicative of his activities on the streets and in the courts that led to his legendary reputation.

james_m wrote:stellarium,

when you get a chance, i'd be curious to know where you got the birth data from. thanks.

Hi James,

The time and date are given in the first paragraph of Chapter 1 in the biography I've linked to.

"When John Alick Branigan from Rodeen Borrisokane, County Tipperary and Ellen Branigan (nee Kavanagh) from Coolroe, Graiguenamanagh, County Kilkenny, gave birth to a bouncing baby boy on 6th
January 1910, little did they think that their first new-born infant would one day become not only the m ost famous ever member of An Garda S?och?na but also a legend in his own life time. That baby boy, born at
5.45 am at 1, James's Street, in the South Dublin Union - now St James's Hospital -was later christened James Christopher Branigan."